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Tanyus Shahin
Tanyus Shahin Saadeh al-Rayfouni (also spelled ''Tanios Chahine Saadé Al Rayfouné'', given name also spelled ''Taniyus'' or ''Tanius'') (1815–1895) was a Maronite muleteer from Mount Lebanon who led a peasants' revolt in the area of Keserwan in 1859. He managed to drive out Keserwan's nobility, the Khazen family, and declared a peasants' republic. Shahin became a popular figure among Christian commoners, many of whom considered him the guardian of their interests, a view which Shahin promoted.
He was a principal belligerent in the battle of Beit Mery between local Maronites and Druze, which became the first major confrontation of the 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war. He claimed he could raise an army of 50,000, although he did not participate further in the war. Following the war's end after international intervention, Shahin relinquished his republic and worked in the judiciary of his home village, Rayfoun.
==Early life and character==
According to historian Elizabeth Thompson, there are sparse biographical details available about Shahin.〔 He was born to a Maronite family in the village of Rayfoun in the Keserwan area of Mount Lebanon in 1815.〔Thompson, p. 43.〕 According to Thompson, Shahin may have been literate as indicated by his early career as an artisan and an entrepreneur, while Lebanese historian Kamal Salibi describes him as "half-literate".〔 Prior to leading the 1859 peasant revolt in Keserwan, Shahin was a blacksmith and a muleteer who transported goods throughout Keserwan.〔
Shahin was tall and of muscular build,〔〔 and was well-known in Keserwan for delivering sermon-like speeches at village meetings,〔 and for his violent temper, according to Salibi.〔Johnson, pp. 95–96.〕 He acted as a local ''shaykh shabab'' (leader of young men), a title that carried honor and typically denoted a village strongman who derived power from his following of armed men.〔Johnson, p. 95.〕 He was admired and respected by the peasants of Keserwan, some of whom considered him their "redeemer".〔 According to a local chronicler, residents "prepared grand receptions for him amid joy and celebrations" when he entered a local village.〔〔 Various European diplomats described him as a "ruffian of despicable character" and as dishonest,〔 while some clergymen also regarded him as deceitful.〔
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